Unit Topics:
Guiding Questions:
- How can you utilize Newton’s laws of motion to predict the behavior of objects?
- Do action-reaction force pairs (Newton’s third law) have a cause-and-effect relationship? Why or why not?
- How can free-body diagrams be utilized in the analysis of physical interactions between objects?
- Why can’t an object exert a force on itself?
- Forces
- Free-Body-Diagrams
- Newton’s Laws of Motion
- Mass and Weight
- Applications Involving Friction, Inclines
Guiding Questions:
- How can you utilize Newton’s laws of motion to predict the behavior of objects?
- Do action-reaction force pairs (Newton’s third law) have a cause-and-effect relationship? Why or why not?
- How can free-body diagrams be utilized in the analysis of physical interactions between objects?
- Why can’t an object exert a force on itself?
AP Learning Objectives
BIG IDEA 1: Objects and systems have properties such as mass and charge. Systems may have internal structure.
1.C.1.1: The student is able to design an experiment for collecting data to determine the relationship between the net force exerted on an object its inertial mass and its acceleration. [SP 4.2]
1.C.3.1: The student is able to design a plan for collecting data to measure gravitational mass and to measure inertial mass and to distinguish between the two experiments. [SP 4.2]
BIG IDEA 2: Fields existing in space can be used to explain interactions.
2.B.1.1: The student is able to apply F=mg to calculate the gravitational force on an object with mass m in a gravitational field of strength g in the context of the effects of a net force on objects and systems. [SP 2.2, 7.2]
BIG IDEA 3: The interactions of an object with other objects can be described by forces.
3.A.2.1: The student is able to represent forces in diagrams or mathematically using appropriately labeled vectors with magnitude, direction, and units during the analysis of a situation. [SP 1.1]
3.A.3.1: The student is able to analyze a scenario and make claims (develop arguments, justify assertions) about the forces exerted on an object by other objects for different types of forces or components of forces. [SP 6.4, 7.2]
3.A.3.2: The student is able to challenge a claim that an object can exert a force on itself. [SP 6.1]
3.A.3.3: The student is able to describe a force as an interaction between two objects and identify both objects for any force. [SP 1.4]
3.A.4.1: The student is able to construct explanations of physical situations involving the interaction of bodies using Newton’s third law and the representation of action-reaction pairs of forces. [SP 1.4, 6.2]
3.A.4.2: The student is able to use Newton’s third law to make claims and predictions about the action-reaction pairs of forces when two objects interact. [SP 6.4, 7.2]
3.A.4.3: The student is able to analyze situations involving interactions among several objects by using free-body diagrams that include the application of Newton’s third law to identify forces. [SP 1.4]
3.B.1.1: The student is able to predict the motion of an object subject to forces exerted by several objects using an application of Newton’s second law in a variety of physical situations with acceleration in one dimension. [SP 6.4, 7.2]
3.B.1.2: The student is able to design a plan to collect and analyze data for motion (static, constant, or accelerating) from force measurements and carry out an analysis to determine the relationship between the net force and the vector sum of the individual forces. [SP 4.2, 5.1]
3.B.1.3: The student is able to re-express a free-body diagram representation into a mathematical representation and solve the mathematical representation for the acceleration of the object. [SP 1.5, 2.2]
3.B.2.1: The student is able to create and use free-body diagrams to analyze physical situations to solve problems with motion qualitatively and quantitatively. [SP 1.1, 1.4, 2.2]
3.C.4.1: The student is able to make claims about various contact forces between objects based on the microscopic cause of those forces. [SP 6.1]
3.C.4.2: The student is able to explain contact forces (tension, friction, normal, buoyant, spring) as arising from interatomic electric forces and that they therefore have certain directions. [SP 6.2]
BIG IDEA 4: Interactions between systems can result in changes in those systems.
4.A.1.1 The student is able to use representations of the center of mass of an isolated two-object system to analyze the motion of the system qualitatively and semiquantitatively. [SP 1.2, 1.4, 2.3, 6.4]
4.A.2.1: The student is able to make predictions about the motion of a system based on the fact that acceleration is equal to the change in velocity per unit time, and velocity is equal to the change in position per unit time. [SP 6.4]
4.A.2.2: The student is able to evaluate using given data whether all the forces on a system or whether all the parts of a system have been identified. [SP 5.3]
4.A.2.3: The student is able to create mathematical models and analyze graphical relationships for acceleration, velocity, and position of the center of mass of a system and use them to calculate properties of the motion of the center of mass of a system. [SP 1.4, 2.2]
4.A.3.1: The student is able to apply Newton’s second law to systems to calculate the change in the center-of-mass velocity when an external force is exerted on the system. [SP 2.2]
4.A.3.2: The student is able to use visual or mathematical representations of the forces between objects in a system to predict whether or not there will be a change in the center-of-mass velocity of that system. [SP 1.4]
BIG IDEA 1: Objects and systems have properties such as mass and charge. Systems may have internal structure.
1.C.1.1: The student is able to design an experiment for collecting data to determine the relationship between the net force exerted on an object its inertial mass and its acceleration. [SP 4.2]
1.C.3.1: The student is able to design a plan for collecting data to measure gravitational mass and to measure inertial mass and to distinguish between the two experiments. [SP 4.2]
BIG IDEA 2: Fields existing in space can be used to explain interactions.
2.B.1.1: The student is able to apply F=mg to calculate the gravitational force on an object with mass m in a gravitational field of strength g in the context of the effects of a net force on objects and systems. [SP 2.2, 7.2]
BIG IDEA 3: The interactions of an object with other objects can be described by forces.
3.A.2.1: The student is able to represent forces in diagrams or mathematically using appropriately labeled vectors with magnitude, direction, and units during the analysis of a situation. [SP 1.1]
3.A.3.1: The student is able to analyze a scenario and make claims (develop arguments, justify assertions) about the forces exerted on an object by other objects for different types of forces or components of forces. [SP 6.4, 7.2]
3.A.3.2: The student is able to challenge a claim that an object can exert a force on itself. [SP 6.1]
3.A.3.3: The student is able to describe a force as an interaction between two objects and identify both objects for any force. [SP 1.4]
3.A.4.1: The student is able to construct explanations of physical situations involving the interaction of bodies using Newton’s third law and the representation of action-reaction pairs of forces. [SP 1.4, 6.2]
3.A.4.2: The student is able to use Newton’s third law to make claims and predictions about the action-reaction pairs of forces when two objects interact. [SP 6.4, 7.2]
3.A.4.3: The student is able to analyze situations involving interactions among several objects by using free-body diagrams that include the application of Newton’s third law to identify forces. [SP 1.4]
3.B.1.1: The student is able to predict the motion of an object subject to forces exerted by several objects using an application of Newton’s second law in a variety of physical situations with acceleration in one dimension. [SP 6.4, 7.2]
3.B.1.2: The student is able to design a plan to collect and analyze data for motion (static, constant, or accelerating) from force measurements and carry out an analysis to determine the relationship between the net force and the vector sum of the individual forces. [SP 4.2, 5.1]
3.B.1.3: The student is able to re-express a free-body diagram representation into a mathematical representation and solve the mathematical representation for the acceleration of the object. [SP 1.5, 2.2]
3.B.2.1: The student is able to create and use free-body diagrams to analyze physical situations to solve problems with motion qualitatively and quantitatively. [SP 1.1, 1.4, 2.2]
3.C.4.1: The student is able to make claims about various contact forces between objects based on the microscopic cause of those forces. [SP 6.1]
3.C.4.2: The student is able to explain contact forces (tension, friction, normal, buoyant, spring) as arising from interatomic electric forces and that they therefore have certain directions. [SP 6.2]
BIG IDEA 4: Interactions between systems can result in changes in those systems.
4.A.1.1 The student is able to use representations of the center of mass of an isolated two-object system to analyze the motion of the system qualitatively and semiquantitatively. [SP 1.2, 1.4, 2.3, 6.4]
4.A.2.1: The student is able to make predictions about the motion of a system based on the fact that acceleration is equal to the change in velocity per unit time, and velocity is equal to the change in position per unit time. [SP 6.4]
4.A.2.2: The student is able to evaluate using given data whether all the forces on a system or whether all the parts of a system have been identified. [SP 5.3]
4.A.2.3: The student is able to create mathematical models and analyze graphical relationships for acceleration, velocity, and position of the center of mass of a system and use them to calculate properties of the motion of the center of mass of a system. [SP 1.4, 2.2]
4.A.3.1: The student is able to apply Newton’s second law to systems to calculate the change in the center-of-mass velocity when an external force is exerted on the system. [SP 2.2]
4.A.3.2: The student is able to use visual or mathematical representations of the forces between objects in a system to predict whether or not there will be a change in the center-of-mass velocity of that system. [SP 1.4]